Oliver Strange: The Marshal of Lawless (1933)
[Image source: http://chesscomicsandcrosswords.blogspot.co.uk/2014/08/reading-habits-13-back-of-book.html]
This is the third novel in Oliver Strange's great series of
westerns about James Green, also known as Sudden. I'm talking about the reading
sequence, which is different from the dates of composition and publication *NOTE 1.
The Marshal of Lawless
finds Sudden in the south of Arizona , near
to the border with Mexico .
Race plays quite an important role in the plot; in romances of this era, it is
an irresistible ingredient, colourful in every sense; behind the racist
story-lines, both author and readers are secretly attracted to what repels them.
One of the villains is a Mexican (Moraga ,
the self-styled El Diablo), and the other - the principal one - is half-Commanche
(Seth Raven, popularly known as The Vulture). On the other hand, the “injun”
Black Feather, whom Sudden recues from being tortured by El Diablo, is devoted
and honourable. El Diablo is naturally humiliated when Sudden invites Black
Feather to give the Mexican a whipping in return. That overturns the natural
order of things, from El Diablo's point of view. From Sudden's point of view
Mexicans are far worse than Red Indians, inasmuch as they have pretensions to
be white men. Worst of all, however, is miscegenation. Meeting Raven for the
first time, Sudden runs an expert eye over his features:
"Injun an' Mex or bad white, like Durley said, reg'lar devil's brew," was Green's unvoiced criticism.
The book, naturally, supports the hero's view. We instantly
scent villainous qualities in "the hooked nose, small, close-set eyes,
thin lips, and lank, black hair". Yet though Sudden's race analysis is
skilled, he is too honorable a man to condemn on racist grounds alone. Several
chapters later, Seth Raven still puzzles him;
Apparently a public-spirited citizen..... With an innate feeling that the man was crooked, he had to admit that so far he was not justified in that belief.
When El Diablo accosts the beautiful Tonia Sarel, she treats
with contempt his claim to be a caballero of Old Spain: "Lay a finger on
me, you yellow dog, and I'll thrash you." However, when Sudden has rescued
her, the following dialogue takes place:
"Ride
on a piece, Miss Sarel," he said. "I'll be along."
She
divined the menace beneath the casual request. "What are you going to
do?" she questioned.
"Kill
a snake," he said coolly.
"No,
no," she protested. "He's a Mexican and didn't understand. Please let
him go."
At one level the book shows Tonia's cultural relativism to
be mistaken - she is just being squeamish; Sudden yields against his own better
judgment and El Diablo comes back to haunt both of them. But at a poetic level
she's of course right. Though by then Sudden has equal motive for revenge, it's
Black Feather who finally salves his honour by doing for El Diablo; Sudden
merely puts the bandit out of his misery when impaled screaming on a clump of
cactus half-way down a cliff. We understand that though it is honourable for
Black Feather to exact revenge for personal injury, it would not be honourable
for Sudden to do the same. Because he is the hero? Or because he is white?
Racism and romance are so intertwined that it's hard to decide. Seth Raven has
already called this one. El Diablo being now in his bad books, Raven instructs
the marshal as he sets off with the posse: "An' don't make no mistake this
time. If yu don't wanta kill the damn yellow thief yoreself, let yore Injun do it." With the
implication: make sure it's painful.
But I don't know as much as I should about the history of
race stereotypes in early Westerns. In Oliver Strange, an English author, they
seem to me to have a contemporary British character. Savage races are to some
extent "let off" because of the prevalent idea of the noble savage.
On the other hand the most venomous racism is reserved for the dubious category
of "dirty whites", especially (for some reason) "Portugooses", who are
made scapegoats for all the brutalities of colonialism, which is to be
airbrushed from the fine features of the British Empire
and its agents. In an American context, Strange simply transfers that venom to
the Mexicans.
The roots of the fear of miscegenation lie deeper, in
folk-myths designed by elders to control the too-miscellaneous breeding
tendencies of their juniors. Propaganda against mixed breeding goes back at
least as far as the ancient Greeks with their disapproval of the foreigner and
their mythical monsters (nearly always malign) produced by unlikely
cross-breeding of species.
A surprising thing happens when Seth Raven, the town's most
prominent citizen, is finally cornered, his crimes made public beyond dispute.
Perhaps not so surprising - the Merchant
of Venice lies behind this quasi-courtroom scene. Anyway, the
"half-breed" (sometimes referred to, even more contemptuously, as the
"breed") finds this to say:
"Yo're
a clever lot, ain't yu?" he sneered. "Superior
race, salt o' the earth - scum would fit yu better. Me, I'm what yu called me.
The Vulture, that damned Injun, the unwanted brat of a pore white an' his
copper-coloured squaw, yet I've beaten an' fooled yu all - killed, robbed, an'
had yu pattin' me on the back for a good fella. Bite on that! Why, if it hadn't
bin for a stranger" - his gaze rested viciously on Green - "yu'd be
eatin' outa my hand this minit like the dawgs yu are. Which of yu has the pluck
an' savvy to plan an' do as I did? Not one o' yu."
The
stinging, scornful voice lashed them like a whip and he had his moment.
The book is of course sunnily untroubled by the implications
of Raven's speech; as are its audience, who (after the ensuing shoot-out)
forget all about it. For them, the racist context in which Raven became the
villain that society already marked him down as, is invisible.
"Well,
he's saved thisyer town the cost of a rope," Loder put in.
Which
was the best that anyone could find to say of the late owner of the Red Ace.
But for Strange it is clear that racism, as well as races,
is picturesque: it is itself a colourful ingredient of the tapestry that makes
heroes and villains. (Sudden himself had been raised as a child by Paiutes.)
I now find the villains in these novels interesting and surprisingly varied:
consider for instance the extremely conflicted, sometimes lucid, intelligent,
ineffectual and eventually crazed Paul Lesurge of Sudden - Gold Seeker. But when I read these books as a child I
didn't pay much attention to the villains: it was the magnificent hero who
dominated my imagination, on his splendid black horse (I wasn't going to make a
big deal of this, but the horse's name is Nigger *NOTE 3). Sudden, who gains the
respect and affection of straight men, the respect and hatred of crooked ones;
Sudden, who makes bantering jokes with the younger pal who invariably hero-worships
him and at some point awkwardly blurts out his affection for Jim after the
latter has returned from some near-death scrape; Sudden, unafraid of
confrontation, always quickest on the draw (only Wild Bill Hickock ever matches
him, but that's just a friendly trial), self-assured and decisive in the wilds,
a brilliant tracker and seeker-out of clues, stoically philosophical in
adversity, modestly embarrassed by the rich stores of praise that are showered
on him by those who matter, modestly resistant to the darkness of an
undeserved reputation as an outlaw, unobtrusively driven by a private quest and
deeper feelings than those around him. To aspire to be Sudden, I understood,
did not have to mean being a gunslinger.
Strange's strengths as a writer are crackling dialogue, lean
and expert construction, a wide and curious vocabulary (George Eliot lies
behind some of it, such as "anent"), and a descriptive power less
opulent than Zane Grey's but more focussed on the needs of a pacy story. Here
Sudden and his sidekick Barsay have hooked up with Andy Bordene's cattle drive,
pitching camp in The Pocket under a threatening sky:
Arrangements for the night were well forward when they reached the camping-place, which they did at leisure. The herd had been watered and now, under the ministrations of half a dozen circling riders, was quietly settling down at the far end of the valley. At the near end the cook had a big fire going and the busy rattle of pots and pans sent a cheerful message to tired and hungry men. Having given their mounts a drink, and picketed them, without removing the saddles, the visitors joined the loungers by the fireside.The customary baiting of the cook was proceeding in a promising manner when a distant rumble of thunder put a sudden end to it. Anxious eyes turned skywards, where an inky, rolling mass of cloud was wiping out the stars in a steady advance. Then came a spot or two of rain."She's a-comin', boys, shore as shootin'," Andy said. "Better be ready for anythin' that breaks loose."Scrambling hurriedly to their feet, the men donned slickers...
*
NOTE 1:
In the reading sequence, which
is not the sequence of publication, The
Marshal of Lawless is preceded by Sudden
- Outlawed (in which the youthful hero first takes an oath to seek revenge
on the killers of his father, and gains his monicker), and also by Sudden (in which he is secretly employed
by Governor Bleke as an agent for the forces of law and order).
These background matters
remain constant in the novels that follow. Strange follows the plan of
Spenser's Faerie Queene, with
Sudden/Jim Green as Prince Arthur: actively involved in the free-standing
adventure of each book but not (formally) its hero. It's Sudden's junior
comrade who has the life-adventure, conquers his sea of troubles and winds up
marrying the girl. Sudden rides off into the sunset, still intent on his larger
quest.
That quest culminates, we are
promised, in The Range Robbers.
However, readers who patiently follow the saga through will perhaps feel a
little disappointed. The Range Robbers was actually the first book Strange wrote,
when already approaching retirement: he was an employee of the publishers,
George Newnes, Ltd and he lived in Kew . It was
an unexpected hit and he was urged to write some more westerns; however, it was only after one sequel and a couple of
prequels that the epic possibilities of Sudden's quest really came into focus, in
the stand-out novels (Outlawed,
Gold Seeker, Trail...) that followed.
The Range Robbers is an excellent, spacious novel in its own right, with a populous cast
of characters and some freewheeling, memorable scenes. And Strange had already worked
out the back story in considerable detail: Sudden’s past, including the revenge
quest; his secret employment by Governor Bleke; his mysterious origins. One of
the two men he has implacably sought turns out to be his true father: The Range Robbers culminates in a double
lost-heir revelation. (When this is finally revealed by a locket that Sudden
has worn since he was an infant, it’s one of the many places where we’re
incongruously struck by how deep the roots of Strange’s books lie in European
literature and in Shakespeare.) Nevertheless, this keystone book, having been
written before the rest of the series, feels slightly at odds with it. We note
the absence of Sudden’s black horse (he has two different horses in The Range Robbers, both rather memorable). He seems here to have never
panned for gold before, though this had played a large part in Sudden – Gold Seeker. We are still more surprised to read that Sudden’s quest
has lasted only three years; in the novels written later, Strange depicts
Sudden growing from a youth into a mature man with grey streaks in his hair –
it feels more like ten years. Neither the villainous Webb nor the unexpectedly
innocent Peterson have quite the epic stature that they gradually assume in our
minds as we read through the complete saga. This Sudden (he gives his name as
Green, but doesn’t mention the name Jim) is imagined as young, if not quite as
boyish as his sidekick Larry Barton, whose role in the love story he usurps. He
is less sure-footed than the Sudden of the later books and makes more mistakes.
(In that early sequel The Law o’ The Lariat, exceptionally, the hero takes the name Jim Severn, in secret allusion to the
author's origins: he was born in Worcester in 1871. Likewise, the girl that he marries
in The Range Robbers is called Noreen
in allusion to Strange's wife Nora).
The books used to be readily available online but on a "suddenseries" site but this has now been blocked. Most other outlets demand some sort of payment. I've found a few good sources that don't require payment (links below). The texts are readable, though there are quite a few errors.
The Range Robbers (1930)
The Law O' The Lariat (1931)
Sudden (1933)
The Marshal of Lawless (1933) Reading
Sequence: 3 Online text: http://davidnoahnair.blogspot.co.uk/2014/06/08-marshall-of-lawless-1933.html (text on screen)
Sudden - Outlawed (1935)Reading Sequence: 1
Sudden - Goldseeker (1937)Reading Sequence: 4 https://docslide.us/documents/oliver-strange-sudden-westerns-06-sudden-gold-seeker19371.html (PDF download)
Sudden Rides Again (1938)Reading Sequence: 5
Sudden Takes the Trail (1940)Reading Sequence: 6 https://kupdf.com/download/oliver-strange-sudden-8-sudden-takes-the-trail_59fca540e2b6f58110d72efe_pdf (PDF download)
Sudden Makes War (1942)Reading Sequence: 7
Sudden - Outlawed (1935)
Sudden - Goldseeker (1937)
Sudden Rides Again (1938)
Sudden Takes the Trail (1940)
Sudden Makes War (1942)
https://bookreadfree-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/bookreadfree.com/239739/5930210.amp?amp_gsa=1&_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17130382027364&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&share=https%3A%2F%2Fbookreadfree.com%2F239739%2F5930210
Sudden Plays a Hand (1950)Reading Sequence: 10
Sudden Plays a Hand (1950)
Oliver Strange never visited America , though his books were as successful
there as they were in Britain .
Some years after his death Frederick Nolan (born in Liverpool
in 1931) produced five more Sudden books under the pen-name of Frederick H.
Christian. Nolan has gone on to write some 70 books in various genres and under
various names. He was also an editor of Corgi books, who republished the original
Sudden novels; these later reprints, Nolan tells us, were slightly abridged in
deference to "the 160-page rule".
So while my Corgi copy of The
Marshal of Lawless is 157 pages, the Geo Newnes volumes that I have are all
about 250 pages (though there's slightly less text per page). Typically it
amounts to about a 20% reduction, I'd estimate. (Online texts of the Sudden books are most likely going to be these shortened versions.)
NOTE 2:
Sudden - Outlawed is among other things an account of an eventually successful cattle
drive along (or slightly off) the Chisholm Trail .
It has so much in common with Borden Chase's Red River that
either it must be a source or else there's a common source. But if you didn't
know the dates of publication, you'd probably suppose Red River to be the earlier one, because of its
self-conscious primitivism. This is possibly the most elaborate Sudden novel;
quite a lot of research has gone into it. Notable for the figure of Tyson, a
"still-hunter" or Indian-killer; a friendly character that the novel
is nevertheless unable to quite accept.
NOTE 3:
This wasn't an unusual name
to give to animals. On the Terra Nova,
the ship that was supposed to pick up Captain Scott in 1913, the black cat was
called Nigger. I have been told about someone's neighbour's dog being called
Nigger in the late 1950s. The word was about, begging to be employed. (In northern Sweden my own great-uncle Karl was called "Nigger" at school because of his dark appearance.)
(Still, I'm quite taken aback that, as late as 1986, the Oxford editors saw no objection to "Nigger" being used as the name of a dog in A.D. Melville's brilliant translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses. The dog-name it translates is Melaneus. "Blackie" would have done fine.)
(I should make plain that "Nigger" is not just the name of Sudden's horse. "Nigger" and "darky" are the usual terms used by Sudden and other characters to refer to African-Americans.)
*
Here's another post I wrote, about Sudden Makes War (1942):
Labels: Oliver Strange
1 Comments:
Thanks dear for the sudden 4 and Sudden 6 PDF versions. I will be able to read them with a large font size. God bless you dear. Was just yearning for them.
Is it possible to get Sudden 1,2 and 3 also?
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